Thank you for taking the trouble to try this program out. We hope you like it.
Note: this file is formatted and is best read with SimpleText and not TeachText.
Note: this file is not read-only so that you can easily copy the text if you want to. For example, you can copy the email addresses and URLs. Please don’t modify this file or distribute modified versions.
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This software is copyrighted material and therefore you are not allowed to modify this software or its documentation in any way, shape or form, nor can you sell it for your own profit. You may only charge a reasonable fee for the cost of distributing it. See the Distribution section below for information about how and on what IIe may be distributed.
Contents
The documentation for IIe comes in 4 files. Their contents are:
1. Read me first
What is it? - description, features, requirements, compatibilty, and performance issues
Description
Features
Hardware and software requirements
Compatibility
Performance issues
Installation and setup
Simple installation/setup
Tips
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
2. Instructions
The Apple //e window
The display area
The //e screen
The icon buttons
Function keys
Graphics modes
Disk inserting/removing
Using real disks
Using disk images
How to insert and remove disks and disk images
Loading and saving information - memory images
Emulator instructions
Default settings
Starting up the emulator
The Reset key
The Keyboard
Paddles and buttons
Debugger instructions
3. Configuring IIe
General pane
65c02 pane
Memory pane
Video pane
Sound pane
Keyboard pane
Joystick/Mouse pane
Printing pane
5 1/4" Disks pane
Other Disks pane
Slots pane
4. Other stuff
Cost/fee and registration
Version history
Future version features
Distribution
Contacting the author
Other software by Vincent
Disclaimer
3. Configuring IIe
One of the goals of IIe was to have a flexible and easy-to-configure //e emulator. To that end, it has many options which are presented in the following different categories. Each is shown as a separate “pane” within the IIe Preferences window.
To configure IIe, start it up and when the //e window is visible, click the “Prefs…” icon or select “Preferences…” from the File menu. You will then see the IIe Preferences window open up and General pane will be displayed.
In each displayed pane are some common buttons and controls. They are:
• the column of icons on the left of the window let you switch categories. Click on an icon to change categories or use the up and down arrow keys.
• the OK and Cancel buttons close the window and if OK is clicked, any changes you make are remembered. Clicking Cancel makes no changes to any preference you changed while the window was open. Pressing ‘return’ is the same as clicking OK. Pressing ‘esc’ is the same as clicking Cancel.
• clicking the balloon help icon turns balloon help on or off. The icon changes appearance to reflect the current state of balloon help.
• clicking the Use Defaults button changes all the preferences that are currently shown in the window to their default state. It does not change any other preferences in any of the other panes.
• clicking the Revert button restores the preferences to what they were when the pane was initially displayed. This is a subtle but important point. An example: if you open the preferences window, change a preference, switch to another pane, then go back to the first pane, change that first preference again, and then click Revert, it will revert that first preference to the setting it was after you first changed it.
General pane
This pane controls some general options for IIe.
On/off switch behaviour
When you change this option, the icon in the “Apple //e” window will change its label to reflect the icon’s functioning. The options are:
• Pauses and runs the //e: when this option is selected, the on/off icon (it looks like a power switch) will alternate between freezing and running the //e.
• Turn the //e on and off: when this option is selected, the on/off icon will behave like a real on/off switch. When the //e is on and running, clicking the on/off icon will switch it off immediately. Important: you will not be warned that you are switching off the //e and that any unsaved will be lost.
Warnings
• Warn about possible data loss when quitting IIe: when checked, IIe will ask you to confirm that you wish to quit from it. This is because when you quit IIe without saving any work or data you have made, you will lose that data. Having this option checked allows you to abort quitting IIe and so gives you a chance to save any unsaved data. If you just want to quit without a dialog slowing you down, uncheck this option.
• Warn if the preferred auxiliary memory size is not available (in which case IIe starts up as a 128K //e): if the memory size given to IIe is too small, it may not be possible to allocate the requested auxiliary memory. As a courtesy, you can have IIe let you know that it failed to allocate the memory by checking this option. It will then present a dialog when IIe starts up informing you of the failure to allocate the memory. If the dialog annoys you, uncheck this option. To set how much auxiliary memory IIe should allocate on startup, go to the Memory pane (see below).
65c02 pane
This pane controls the 65c02 options for IIe (a 65c02 is the type of microprocessor that a real //e has).
Desired 65c02 speed:
Select the desired speed of the //e. Note that if you Mac’s CPU is too slow, you may not actually get the desired speed. In which case, you’ll either need to turn down the speed or get a faster Mac. I suggest the former if your wallet is thin. :-)
If you want IIe to go as fast as possible, use the Full option. Can’t resist seeing how fast your PowerPC 604 is, eh?
CPU to emulate:
Some programs only work properly if a 6502 processor is emulated. Most programs will work fine with a 65c02. Some programs rely on a 65c02 processor.
Illegal opcodes:
Some programs use illegal instructions. Why? I don’t know. Who knows why? Anyway, set this option on if the 6502 debugger window keeps bothering you.
For 680x0 processors:
The 68K version can use more memory for slightly faster performance that slower Macs may need. PowerPCs should be able to perform at least at 2-3MHz Apple //e performance and these options are not available for PowerPC Macs. The options are:
• Uses 256K table; faster; for 68030s: selecting this option creates a table that makes the emulator go faster but of course it uses more memory. Recommended for 68020 and 68030 Macs. Note that a 33MHz 68030 will get about 1MHz Apple //e performance and not much more than that so every speed up counts. Macs slower than this will not perform well.
• Does not use table; slower; for 68040s: selecting this option does not create a table. This option is recommended for 68040 Macs because they have enough speed to perform well without the need for the table, thus saving you 256K of memory which you can use for something else like a memory card.
Memory pane
This pane controls how much extra memory IIe will allocate when it starts up. Extra memory is usually used as a RAM disk. Using auxiliary memory as a RAM disk requires special “driver software” but does not use up a virtual “slot”. Using a memory card as a RAM disk does not require special software but does use up a virtual “slot” in the //e. Some programs know how to detect and use extra auxiliary memory and others know how to use a memory card. You should experiment with these options to find which is the most suitable for your use. As a general rule, you’re probably better off using a “memory card” instead of more auxiliary memory but remember that you lose a slot by doing so. Also, you should remember to “install” the memory card in a “slot” using the Slots pane (see below).
If IIe fails to allocate the extra memory you requested (it only does this at startup), you will be alerted to this fact. If you want the extra memory, you will need to increase the memory size for the IIe program by clicking IIe’s icon in the Finder and selecting “Get Info” from the File menu. In the window that opens, enter a higher number in the “preferred size” text field.
Auxiliary memory:
Originally, Apple released //e’s with 64K of memory only. Later on they started selling them with an “extended 80 column card” which included an extra 64K of memory called auxiliary memory. Building on this, some companies (such as Applied Engineering) released “super” extended 80 column cards that had more than 64K of memory. With these options, you can have IIe “install” a super “extended 80 column card” with the selected amount of memory. Note that you cannot install less than 64K of auxiliary memory. In other words, the smallest //e that IIe will run with is a 128K //e.
Memory expansion card:
IIe supports a memory card up to 1Mb in size. It functions just like an “Apple II Memory Expansion Card”. The card will auto-detect what operating system you are using (Dos 3.3, Apple Pascal or ProDOS) and configure itself to provide you with a RAM disk for that OS.
Video pane
This pane controls the video and display options for IIe.
Startup screen depth:
If speed is your concern, you can have IIe change your screen depth to a smaller depth for faster video drawing. Black & white is the fastest (but of course you can’t see any colours). Millions of colours is the slowest. If you do change depths whilst IIe is running, then when IIe quits, the screen will be reset back to the depth it was in before IIe was started.
Startup window size:
The smaller screen is faster to draw but harder to read. 80 column text and double hires graphics must be displayed on the large window size and IIe will automatically change sizes if it is necessary.
Startup colour mode:
If you prefer a monochrome //e (I guess you must really love the “good ol’ days”), you can set IIe to give you a monochrome screen when you start up.
Drawing method:
IIe can draw the //e’s video in two ways. It can draw it into an area of memory and then copy that image to your Mac’s screen (the indirect way) or it can draw it straight onto your Mac’s screen (the direct way). As you can imagine, direct drawing is faster because there is no need for the intermediate step of drawing it into an area of memory and then having to copy that memory image onto the screen. However, IIe comes with direct drawing OFF because a few Mac video cards don’t like it when a program draws directly onto their video screens. Overall, most Mac video cards (or built-in video) will work fine. What you can do is try checking the “Direct drawing” checkbox and clicking OK. If IIe doesn’t crash very shortly after you do this, then it’s likely that direct drawing will work fine on your machine. If it does crash, it’s likely that the video card doesn’t like direct drawing so turn it off. If it crashes when you first start up after changing this option, you can disable it when you start up IIe by holding down the control key as you double click the IIe icon.
These are the conditions that must be satisfied for IIe to actually do direct drawing:
• the Apple //e window must be the front most window
• IIe must be the front most program
• no other windows must obscure the Apple //e window (including floating windows)
• the Apple //e window must be on the monitor that has the Mac menu bar on it
• the monitor that the Apple //e window is on must be at 1, 4 or 8 bit depths. Direct drawing does not work when the monitor is in thousands or millions mode. Instead, indirect drawing will be used when the monitor is in those modes.
Tip: move the cursor out of the window so that it won’t flash as IIe tries to draw it. This applies to direct and indirect drawing.
Update frequency:
Some programs draw a lot and draw it quickly, in which case you’ll want IIe to draw frequently. Be warned that if IIe spends more time updating the screen, then it will spend less time emulating a 65c02 resulting in less than desired performance. As the saying goes: “your mileage may vary”.
Sound pane
This pane controls the sound options for IIe.
Sound volume:
There’s not much to say about this. It’s pretty self-explanatory.
The beep sound…
You can configure what sound IIe plays when a beep is made by a IIe program. Note that some programs use their own beep program instead of that in the Apple //e ROM and as such the sound you select may not be played.
Keyboard pane
This pane controls the keyboard options for IIe.
Pressing the ‘delete’ key produces a…
• backspace (ASCII 8): if you’re like me, you use the ‘delete’ key on your Mac keyboard for moving the cursor back one character and removing the last typed character. Unfortunately, the standard //e text line input program does not remove the last character when you type the ‘delete’ key and instead it inserts a ‘delete’ character into the line you’re typing (it looks like a checkboard character). Most of the time, this is not what you want. To fix this, select this option to have IIe send the emulated //e a ‘backspace’ character instead of a ‘delete’ character whenever you type the Mac’s ‘delete’ key. This will make the cursor back up one character as you would expect it to do.
• delete (ASCII 127): there are some programs which can recognise the ‘delete’ character and use it for deleting things. For example, AppleWorks uses it for deleting text in its word processor module. In which case, select this option to make the Mac’s ‘delete’ key to produce a ‘delete’ character and not a backspace.
Use typeahead buffer (no lost keystrokes)
Most Apple II programs read characters from the //e keyboard in the standard Apple II way, in which case, you should check this option so that any key you type is saved until the Apple II program requests it.
Some Apple II programs (especially some games) don’t read keyboard keys the standard way, resulting in the saved keys that you type never being sent to the Apple II program. To fix this, uncheck this option. However, if you type too many keys too quickly, you will find that some of the keys are lost.
Soft caps lock:
Many early Apple II programs only understand uppercase characters. You could use the ‘caps lock’ key on your Mac’s keyboard but you would have to set it up or down every time you switch from IIe to another Mac program and vice versa. To save you having to do this, IIe supports a ‘soft caps lock’ in the form of the ‘tab’ key. When this option is enabled (by selecting either the up or down options), IIe will treat the ‘tab’ key as if it were a ‘caps lock’ key. Pressing it once reverses the state of the soft caps lock and pressing it again reverses it back to its original state.
Note: this option sets the soft caps lock key’s state only for when IIe is started up. If you change its state while using IIe, the new state is not saved.
Tip: if you need to use the ‘tab’ key to produce a ‘tab’ character (ASCII 9), then you must set this option to ‘off’.
Joystick/Mouse pane
This pane controls the joystick and mouse options for IIe.
Source for joystick readings:
• Use Keypad: the keypad is used for the joystick. If Absolute is selected, then pressing, say, the 1 keypad key is the same as pushing the joystick fully down and fully left. If Relative is selected, the pressing, say, the 9 keypad is the same as slowly moving the joystick towards its top right corner from where ever it currently is (it starts up in the middle position).
• Use Mouse: the mouse’s position is used for the joystick’s position. If Window is selected, then the value returned is the mouse’s position within the Apple //e window. If Screen is selected, then the value returned is the mouse’s position on your Mac’s main screen.
Absolute joystick range:
You can specify what joystick values IIe can return to an Apple II program. Some programs require smaller ranges and others require larger ones.
Mouse options:
• Hide the Mac cursor when the Apple II mouse cursor is visible: when running mouse programs, it may be annoying to see the Mac’s cursor following the Apple II mouse’s cursor around the screen. If this bothers you, check this option.
Warning: if the Mac cursor is hidden, you’ll find it very hard to click on icons or the menu bar because the mouse is hidden and you’ll need to guess where the mouse is on your Mac screen. To make the mouse visible and use it on the menu bar or in a window, just halt the emulator with the On/Off icon*, then use the Mac mouse as required/desired, and then let the emulator run by clicking the On/Off icon again.
* assuming that it is set to Go/Stop mode and not On/Off mode, of course. See the General pane for more information about the On/Off icon.
Printing pane
This pane controls the printing options.
Printer card options:
These options determine what the font, font size and paper size is for any printouts. It is recommended that you only use fixed-width fonts for the selected font. Such fonts have characters which are all the same width. The standard fixed-width fonts are Courier and Monaco.
The printer card prints to:
The printer card can be configured to print to either an attached printer or to a PICT file. You can print to a disk file to preview your printout before printing to a real printer.
Printing/capturing is finished when…
There is no known way for IIe to reliably know when an Apple II program has finished printing. You have the option of letting IIe automatically stop printing after a certain amount of time or by manually pressing a key to signal to IIe that printing is finished. The automatic option can be disabled by unchecking the checkbox.
5 1/4" Disks pane
This pane controls the 5 1/4" disk options.
5 1/4" floppy disk image reading & writing:
• Fast - Dos 3.3 & ProDOS reads/writes are intercepted: Apple IIs do their disk reading and writing by software. This is could be emulated but is several times slower than if the reading or writing were done directly. If you select this option, IIe intercepts requests for reads and writes and performs them much faster than if the whole operation were emulated. Most Apple II programs will function OK with this option. If you find a program that does not read or write as expected (you usually get strange I/O error messages) then deselect this option.
• Compatible - Dos 3.3 & ProDOS reads/writes are fully emulated: select this option if an Apple II program is not reading or writing properly. When this option is selected, all reads and writes are fully emulated (and hence slower - sometimes much slower - than if they were intercepted).
5 1/4" floppy disk Disk II card ROM:
• Smart //c style ROM: this is a handy ROM because if you don’t have a disk in the drive when the //e starts up, then the //e will continue to search the lower-numbered slots for a disk. Most disks can boot up using this ROM.
• Dumb II+ style ROM: some programs require the original Disk II ROM to be able to boot up at all. Such disks typically can’t boot up on a real Apple //c. The disadvantage of this ROM is that if there is no disk in drive 1, then the //e will continue to wait forever until you insert a disk or press reset.
Other Disks pane
This pane controls the remaining disk options. It allows you to configure how IIe loads disk images and ProDOS partitions, how it ejects real 3 1/2" disks, and where the Mac-ProDOS folders are.
When opening a disk image with the “Insert Disk…” dialog, the default is to load it in to…
This is just a convenience option for when you have to swap disks a lot and the program that requests the swap thinks that you only have one drive, in which case selecting the “drive 1” option is very convenient. :-)
On startup, if a ProDOS hard disk partition is found…
Some hard disk formatting utilities such as Apple HD Setup program and FWB’s Hard Disk Toolkit allow you to format part of your hard disk as a ProDOS partition. This is very handy for IIe because you can load all of your //e programs onto the partition and have IIe boot this up everytime you start up. Typically, you would “install” the UniDisk/Hard Disk “card” into slot 7 (or 5) and select the “Insert into drive 1” option shown here. See below in the Slots pane section for information about installing the card.
After “removing” a real 3.5" disk from a UniDisk drive…
When you remove a real 3.5" disk from a drive, you can either have IIe try to mount it on your Mac desktop (assuming you have either the ProDOS File System extension or Mac PC Exchange installed) or have IIe eject the disk from the drive.
The Mac-ProDOS folders for…
Wouldn’t it be great if you could read and write to your Apple II files directly onto your Macintosh-formatted hard disk? Well you can. What you do is “install” the Mac-ProDOS “card” (see below in the Slots pane section to learn how to do this) and then select a folder on your Mac’s disk that will be the top-most directory of a pseudo ProDOS disk which will appear in whichever slot you install the “card” into. Note that because it’s not a real ProDOS disk (it’s a Mac folder that pretends to be a disk), not all ProDOS operations can be done. Programs that read or write files will work but programs that inspect or alter the disk’s structure will not. For example, you can save word processor files in AppleWorks onto the “disk” but you cannot use Bag of Tricks 2.0 to check its volume bitmap, because it doesn’t have one.
To set the folder to your desired folder, click the button and navigate to it. The selected folder will be set up when IIe starts up. You can change the current folder at any time by dragging and dropping a folder onto the IIe icon or by selecting it from the Insert… icon, but the newly selected folder will not be remembered after you quit IIe; only the folder specified in this preference will be remembered.
Slots pane
This pane allows you to set up which “card” goes into which “slot” of the //e. Doing this is easy enough: just drag the “card” you want to the “slot” you want it in. To remove a “card”, drag it back to its icon at the top.
The only special icons are the 80 column card icon and the slot 6 disk icon. You can only click the 80 column card icon to switch to a “40 column” card. Click it again to switch it back to an 80 column card. This is useful only to Apple Pascal programs which run better in 40 column text mode (such as Wizardry). You cannot remove the 5 1/4" floppy disk card in slot 6.
